Chemical defenses of ascidians against predators. The marine flora and fauna of the Isles of Scilly Enteropneusta, Ascidiacea, Thaliacea, Larvacea and Cephalochordata. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 37 649–52. The breeding season of some littoral ascidians in Scottish waters. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 33 33–48. The annual growth and reproductive cycle of the ascidian Dendrodoa grossularia (Van Beneden). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 31 41–61. The annual growth and reproductive cycle in four ascidians. Distribution and ecology of ascidians in Kviturdvikpollen and Vdagsböpollen on the west coast of Norway. Distribution and ecology of the tunicate Ascidiella scabra (Müller) in the Skagerak-Kattegat area. typica with special reference to the waters around southern Scandinavia. The distribution and salinity tolerance of Ciona intestinalis (L.) f. typica in relation to the environmental temperature. The life cycle of Ciona intestinalis (L.) f. In Reproduction of marine invertebrates Vol.II. The fishes of the British Isles and North-West Europe. The eggs and planktonic stages of British marine fishes. Synopses of the British fauna (New Series), No. Keys and notes for the identification of the species. The Tunicata with an account of the British species. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.Īlder, J. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. The post-anal tail persists in many aquatic vertebrates such as the fishes, as a muscular, flexible structure which is important in locomotion. The pharyngeal clefts (sometimes known as gill slits), lead from the cavity of the pharynx to the exterior and have a variety of functions: in aquatic chordates they may be used in both feeding and respiration, but are generally reduced or lost in the adult terrestrial chordate. The nerve cord is dorsal to the notochord and often expanded anteriorly to form a brain - but in some groups, such as the sea-squirts, it is lost in the adult. It is often completely or partly replaced by cartilaginous or bony material to form a backbone. The notochord is a dorsal, flexible rod which has a skeletal function and may persist throughout life. These are a notochord, a hollow dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal clefts, and a post-anal tail containing extensions of the nerve cord and notochord. Although there is great diversity of structure within the phylum, chordates are united by four features present in at least some stage of the life-cycle. The chordates include such diverse forms as the sea-squirts found attached to rocks and stones on the lower shore, and the fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.
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